Detailed introduction of soft magnetic materials for electromagnets:
      The characteristics of soft magnetic materials are high permeability, low coercivity, and low hysteresis loss. They are suitable for electromagnetic induction tissues of rotating motors, transformers, various household appliances, and other welding equipment with high magnetic induction intensity and low kinetic energy consumption. Belonging to the category of soft magnetic materials are:
      （1） Steel - It contains electrolytic iron, carbonyl iron, pure iron for engineering projects, and iron for general engineering projects. Its characteristic is low resistance, so it is often used as a conductive magnetic field in DC equivalent circuits.
      （2） Silicon steel - Silicon steel contains 0.8-4% silicon element and is generally produced and processed into thin plates. The larger magnetic permeability of silicon steel is generally not less than 3500-4500U., The coercivity does not exceed 64-96 amperes per meter. The output power loss of silicon steel sheets in alternating electromagnetic fields is related to the silicon content, thickness, magnetic induction intensity and frequency of the electromagnetic field.
The efficacy of silicon element in silicon steel depends on:
      Firstly, promote the dissolution of iron carbide to restore steel to iron, thereby increasing permeability, reducing coercivity, and reducing magnetic loss;
      Secondly, expand the resistance, reduce eddy current losses, and reduce the temperature coefficient of the resistor;
      Thirdly, reduce magnetic embrittlement. In fact, when the silicon content reaches 1.5% or higher, the magnetic embrittlement condition has already subsided;
      Fourthly, if the composition of silicon is controlled below 4%, it can also improve the performance of silicon steel.
      Silicon steel with low silicon content is generally used for rotating motors, while silicon steel with high silicon content is mostly used for transformers and instrument voltage transformers. Electromagnets in low-voltage electrical systems are generally manufactured using low silicon steel. There are two types of silicon steel plates: hot rolled and cold rolled. The latter type is often used in wireless communication engineering projects due to its low residue content, good magnetic properties, and low consumption. However, it should be noted that the cold rolling direction of cold-rolled silicon steel sheets is their easy magnetization direction, so the variety of such raw materials is very obvious.
      （3） High permeability aluminum alloy - commonly known as permalloy, it is an iron-nickel alloy containing 36-80% nickel, 2-10% other chemical elements, and iron. The most typical product is one containing 78.5% nickel and the remaining iron. The defect of Pomo alloy is that its resistance is soft and small, and it cannot bear the stress of mechanical equipment. To increase the resistance of permalloy, some elements such as copper, chromium, and molybdenum are sometimes added to its composition.
      Pomo alloy is mainly used in the production and manufacturing of transformers, automotive relays, magnetic amplifiers, and other electromagnetic induction components that require extremely high permeability under weak electromagnetic fields in automatic control system machinery and communication equipment, serving as their iron cores.
      （4） High frequency soft magnetic materials - the characteristic of these raw materials is that they have resistance close to semiconductor devices, so the output power loss at high frequencies is not significant. Typical high-frequency soft magnetic materials include aluminum alloys produced by ceramic processes in the powder form of iron oxides (FE2O3) and other hydroxides (MnO, MgO, etc.), which are commonly referred to as iron oxide magnetic materials.

      Iron oxide magnetic materials are generally used to make various high-frequency magnetic parts. In addition, due to its rectangular hysteresis loop, it is also commonly used as a storage component in electronic computers. Why is the paramagnetic effect of ferromagnetic personality traits particularly strong? It is difficult to describe in terms of the current magnetic effect of molecular currents. For example, iron atoms and chromium molecules have the same magnetic moment, but the former is a typical strong magnetic chemical substance, while the latter is a general paramagnetic chemical substance. Copper, manganese, and chromium are not strong magnetic chemical substances, but their aluminum alloy is indeed a magnetic raw material. This objective fact indicates a challenge, as the ferromagnetism exhibited by magnetic raw materials is not determined by their molecular structure or molecular characteristics, but rather by their solid-state structure. In fact, all magnet raw materials are also crystalline solids without exception.
      Previously, there were many small regions in ferromagnetic chemicals that were spontaneously magnetized to saturation. In the absence of an external electromagnetic field in the glass suction cup electromagnet, this spontaneously magnetized area - magnetic domains - although each has a certain tendency, from a macroeconomic perspective, they cannot display magnetism due to their irregular sorting. Once these magnetic domains are under the influence of an external electromagnetic field, they all transform into a highly organized sequence, causing ferromagnetic chemicals to be significantly magnetized until they reach saturation. If very fine vermicelli are sprinkled onto the surface of a single crystal of ferromagnetic chemical material that has been demagnetized after polishing, the boundary of magnetic domains can be observed based on the distribution of the powder.